Preface
Acknowledgments
PART 1PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
1The Complexity of Linguistic Structure
1.1 A sociological problem
1.2 The structure of a simple sentence
1.3 Phonological structure
1.4 Syntactic structure
1.5 Semanticconceptual and spatial structure
1.6 Connecting the levels
1.7 Anaphora and unbounded dependencies
2Language as a Mental Phenomenon
2.1 What do we mean by "mental" ?
2.2 How to interpret linguistic notation mentally
2.3 Knowledge of language
2.4 Competence versus performance
2.5 Language in a social context all too
briefly
3Combinatoriality
3.1 The need for an f-mental grammar
3.2 Some types of rule
3.2.1 Formation rules and typed
variables
3.2.2 Derivational transformational
rules
3.2.3 Constraints
3.3 Lexical rules
3.3.1 Lexical formation rules
3.3.2 Lexical redundancy rules
3.3.3 Inheritance hierarchies
3.4 What are rules of grammar?
3.5 Four challenges for cognitive neuroscience
3.5.1 The massiveness of the binding
problem
3.5.2 The Problem of 2
3.5.3 The problem of variables
3.5.4 Binding in working memory vs.
long-term memory
4 Universal Grammar
4.1 The logic of the argument
4.2 Getting the hypothesis right
4.3 Linguistic universals
4.4 Substantive universals, repertoire of rule types,
and architectural universals
4.5 The balance of linguistic and more general
capacities
4.6 The poverty of the stimulus; the Paradox of
Language Acquisition
4.7 Poverty of the stimulus in word learning
4.8 How Universal Grammar can be related to
genetics
4.9 Evidence outside ,linguistic structure for
Universal GrammarLanguage Acquisition Device
4.9.1 Species-specificity
4.9.2 Characteristic timing of
acquisition
4.9.3 Dissociations
4.9.4 Language creation
4.10 Summary of factors''involved in the theory of
Universal Grammar
PART ⅡARCHITECTURAL FOUNDATIONS
5 The Parallel Architecture
5.1 Introduction to Part Ⅱ
5.2 A short history of syntactocentrism
5.3 Tiers and interfaces in phonology
5.4 Syntax and phonology
5.5 Semantics as a generative system
5.6 The tripartite theory and some variants
5.7 The lexicon and lexical licensing
5.8 Introduction to argument structure
5.9 How much of syntactic argument structure can be
predicted from semantics?
5.9.1 Number of syntactic arguments
5.9.2 Category of syntactic arguments
5.9.3 Position of syntactic
~irguments
5.9.4 Locality of syntactic arguments, and
exceptions
5.10 A tier for grammatical functions?
6 Lexical Storage versus Online Construction
6.1 Lexical items versus words
6.2 Lexical items smaller than words
6.2.1 Productive morphology
6.2.2 Semiproductive morphology
6.2.3 The necessity of a heterogeneous
theory
6.3 Psycholinguistic considerations
6.4 The status of lexical redundancy rules
6.5 Idioms
6.6 A class of construetion~il idioms
6.7 Generalizing the notion of construction
6.8 The status of inheritance hierarchies
6.9 Issues of acquisition
6.10 Universal Grammar as a set of attractors
6.11 Appendix: Remarks on HPSG and Construction
Grammar
7 Implications for Processing
7.1 The parallel competence architecture forms a basis
for a processing architecture
7.2 How the competence model can constrain theories of
processing
7.3 Remarks on working memory
7.4 More about lexical access
7.4.1 Lexical access in perception
7.4.2 Priming
7.4.3 Lexical access in production
7.4.4 Speech errors and tip-of-the-tongue
states
7.4.5 Syntactic priming
7.5 Structure-constrained modularity
7.5.1 Fodor''s view and an alternative
7.5.2 Interface modules are how integrative
modules talk to each other
7.5.3 The "bi-domain specificity" of
interface modules
7.5.4 Multiple inputs and outputs on the
same "blackboard"
7.5.5 Informational encapsulation among
levels of structure
8 An Evolutionary Perspective on the Architecture~
8.1 The dialectic
8.2 Bickerton''s proposal and auxiliary
assumptions
8.3 The use of symbols
8.4 Open class of symbols
8.5 A generative system for single symbols:
proto-phonology
8.6 Concatenation of symbols to build larger
utterances
8.7 Using linear position to signal semantic
relations
8.8 Phrase structure
8.9 Vocabulary for relational concepts
8.10 Grammatical categories and ,the "basic body plan"
of syntax
8.11 Morphology and grammatical functions
8.12 Universal Grammar as a toolkit again
PART Ⅲ SEMANTIC AND CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS
9 Semantics as a Mentalistic Enterprise
9.1 Introduction to part III,
9.2 Semantics vis-a-vis mainstream generative
grammar
9.3 Meaning and its interfaces
9.4 Chomsky and Fodor on semantics
9.5 Some "contextualist" approaches to meaning
9.6 Is there a specifically linguistic semantics?
9.7 Four non-ways to separate linguistic semantics from
conceptualization
9.7.1 Semantics = "dictionary"; pragmatics
= "encyclopedia"
9.7.2 Logical vs. nonlogical semantic
properties
9.7.3 Grammatically realized vs.
grammatically irrelevant content
9.7.4 Language-specific semantics implying
a special linguistic semantics
10 Reference and Truth
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Problems with the common-sense view:
"language"
10.3 Problems with the common-sense view:
"objects"
10.4 Pushing "the world" into the mind
10.5 A simple act of deictic reference
10.6 The functional correlates of consciousness
10.7 Application to theory of reference
10.8 Entities other than objects
10.9 Proper names, kinds, and abstract objects
10.9.1 Proper names
10.9.2 Kinds
10.9.3 Abstract objects
10.10 Satisfaction and truth
10.11 Objectivity, error, and the role of the
community
11 Lexical Semantics
11.1 Boundary conditions on theories of lexical
meaning
11.2 The prospects for decomposition into
primitives
11.3 Polysemy
11.4 Taxonomic structure
11.5 Contributions from perceptual modalities
11.6 Other than necessary and sufficient
conditions
11.6.1 Categories with graded
boundaries
11.6.2 "Cluster" concepts
11.7 The same abstract organization in many semantic
fields
11.8 Function-argument structure across semantic
fields
11.8.1 Some basic state- and
event-functions
11.8.2 Building verb meanings
11.9Qualia structure: characteristic
activities and purposes
11.10Dot objects
11. 11Beyond
12 Phrasal Semantics
12.1 Simple composition
12.1.1 Argument satisfaction
12.1.2 Modification
12.1.3 Lambda extraction and variable
binding
12.1.4 Parallels in lexical semantics
12.2 Enriched composition
12.3 The referential tier
12.4 Referential dependence and referential
frames
12.5 The information structure topicfocus tier
12.6 Phrasal semantics and Universal Grammar
12.7 Beyond: discourse, conversation, narrative
13 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
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