CHAPTER1 Introduction
1.1 Classi.cation of carbon materials
1.2 Nanotexture of carbon materials
1.3 Microtexture of carbon materials
1.4 Speci.cation of carbon materials
1.5 Construction of the present book12 References
CHAPTER 2 Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Formation
2.1 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes
2.2 Formation of carbon nanotubes
2.2.1 Formation into yarns
2.2.2 Formation into sheets
2.2.3 Formation into sponges
2.3 Applications of carbon nanotubes
2.4 Concluding remarks 35 References
CHAPTER 3 Graphene: Synthesis and Preparation .
3.1 Preparation through the cleavage of graphite
3.2 Preparation through the exfoliation of graphite
3.2.1 Preparation using graphite oxides
3.2.2 Preparation using graphite intercalation compounds
3.3 Synthesis through chemical vapor deposition
3.4 Synthesis through the organic route
3.5 Preparation through other processes
3.6 Concluding remarks 59 References
CHAPTER 4 Carbonization Under Pressure .
4.1 Carbonization under built-up pressure
4.1.1 Setup for carbonization under pressure
4.1.2 Optical texture and carbonization yield
4.1.3 Particle morphology
4.2 Carbonization under hydrothermal conditions
4.3 Carbonization under supercritical conditions
4.4 Concluding remarks
4.4.1 Temperature and pressure conditions for carbonization
4.4.2 Composition of precursors for the formation of carbon spheres.81 References
CHAPTER 5 Stress Graphitization .
5.1 Graphitization under pressure
5.1.1 Structural change in carbons
5.1.2 Mechanism
5.2 Graphitization in coexistence with minerals under pressure
5.2.1 Coexistence with calcium compounds
5.2.2 Coexistence with other minerals
5.2.3 Mechanism for acceleration of graphitization
5.3 Stress graphitization in carboncarbon composites
5.3.1 Acceleration of graphitization
5.3.2 Mechanism
5.4 Concluding remarks
5.4.1 Graphitization under pressure
5.4.2 Occurrence of graphite in nature
5.4.3 Stress graphitization in carboncarbon composites .109 References
CHAPTER 6 Glass-like Carbon: Its Activation and Graphitization
6.1 Activation of glass-like carbon
6.1.1 Glass-like carbon spheres
6.1.2 Activation in a .ow of dry air
6.1.3 Activation in a .ow of wet air
6.1.4 Activation process
6.1.5 Direct observation of micropores
6.1.6 Two-step activation
6.2 Graphitization of glass-like carbons
6.2.1 Graphitization through melting
6.2.2 Graphitization under high pressure
6.2.3 Graphitization in CC composites
6.3 Concluding remarks130 References
Contents vii
CHAPTER 7 Template Carbonization: Morphology and Pore Control .
7.1 Template carbonization for morphological control
7.1.1 Inorganic layered compounds
7.1.2 Anodic aluminum oxide . lms
7.1.3 Organic foams
7.2 Template carbonization for pore-structure control
7.2.1 Zeolites
7.2.2 Mesoporous silicas
7.2.3 MgO
7.2.4 Block copolymer surfactants soft templates
7.2.5 Metal-organic frameworks
7.2.6 Other templates
7.3 Concluding remarks155 References
CHAPTER 8 Carbon Nano.bers Via Electrospinning
8.1 Carbon nano.bers synthesized via electrospinning
8.1.1 Polyacrylonitrile
8.1.2 Pitch
8.1.3 Polyimides
8.1.4 Polyvinylidene . uoride
8.1.5 Phenolic resins
8.2 Applications
8.2.1 Electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors
8.2.2 Anode materials for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries
8.2.3 Catalyst support
8.2.4 Composite with carbon nanotubes
8.3 Concluding remarks
8.3.1 Carbon precursors
8.3.2 Pore-structure control
8.3.3 Improvement of electrical conductivity
8.3.4 Loading of metallic species .185 References
CHAPTER 9 Carbon Foams .
9.1 Preparation of carbon foams
9.1.1 Exfoliation and compaction of graphite
9.1.2 Blowing of carbon precursors
9.1.3 Template carbonization
9.2 Applications of carbon foams
9.2.1 Thermal energy storage
9.2.2 Electrodes
9.2.3 Adsorption
9.2.4 Other applications
9.3 Concluding remarks 210 References
CHAPTER10 Nanoporous Carbon Membranes and Webs
10.1 Synthesis
10.1.1 Pyrolysis and carbonization of organic precursors
10.1.2 Templating
10.1.3 Chemical and physical vapor deposition
10.1.4 Formation of carbon nanotubes and nano.bers
10.2 Applications
10.2.1 Adsorbents
10.2.2 Separation membranes
10.2.3 Chemical sensors and biosensors
10.2.4 Electrodes
10.2.5 Other applications
10.3 Concluding remarks .231 References
CHAPTER11 Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors
11.1 Symmetrical supercapacitors
11.1.1 Activated carbons
11.1.2 Templated carbons
11.1.3 Other carbons
11.1.4 Carbons containing foreign atoms
11.1.5 Carbon nanotubes and nano.bers
11.2 Asymmetrical supercapacitors
11.3 Asymmetrical capacitors
11.4 Carbon-coating of electrode materials
11.5 Concluding remarks .260 References
CHAPTER12 Carbon Materials in Lithium-ion Rechargeable Batteries
12.1 Anode materials
12.1.1 Materials
12.1.2 Carbon coating of graphite
Contents
12.1.3 Carbon coating of Li 4Ti5O1
12.2 Cathode materials
12.2.1 Materials
12.2.2 Carbon coating of LiFePO
12.3 Concluding remarks .283 References
CHAPTER13 Carbon Materials in Photocatalysis
13.1 TiO -loaded activated carbons
13.2 Mixture of activated carbon and TiO
13.3 Carbon-doped TiO
13.4 Carbon-coated TiO
13.5 Synthesis of novel photocatalysts via carbon coating
13.5.1 Carbon-coated Ti O
13.5.2 Carbon-coated W O
13.5.3 TiO 2 co-modi.ed by carbon and iron
13.6 Concluding remarks .306
References.308 CHAPTER14 Carbon Materials for Spilled-oil Recovery
14.1 Sorption capacity for heavy oils
14.1.1 Exfoliated graphite
14.1.2 Carbonized . r . bers
14.1.3 Carbon . bers
14.1.4 Carbon nanotube sponge
14.1.5 Other carbon materials
14.2 Selectivity of sorption
14.3 Sorption kinetics
14.4 Cycle performance of carbon sorbents and heavy oils
14.5 Preliminary experiments for practical recovery of spilled heavy oils
14.5.1 Exfoliated graphite packed into a plastic bag
14.5.2 Formed exfoliated graphite
14.5.3 Heavy oil sorption from contaminated sand
14.5.4 Sorption of heavy-oil mousse
14.5.5 TiO 2 -loaded exfoliated graphite
14.6 Concluding remarks
14.6.1 Comparison among carbon materials
14.6.2 Mechanism of heavy oil sorption
14.6.3 Comparison with other materials .332 References
CHAPTER15 Carbon Materials for Adsorption of Molecules and Ions
15.1 Adsorption and storage of hydrogen
15.2 Adsorption and storage of methane and methane hydrate
15.3 Adsorption and storage of CO2 . 343
15.4 Adsorption of organic molecules
15.4.1 Organic gases including VOCs
15.4.2 Organic molecules in water
15.5 Adsorption and removal of heavy-metal ions in water
15.6 Capacitive deionization
15.7 Concluding remarks .356 References
CHAPTER16 Highly Oriented Graphite with High Thermal Conductivity
16.1 Preparation
16.2 Characterization
16.3 Carbon materials with high thermal conductivity
16.3.1 Pyrolytic graphite
16.3.2 Polyimide-derived graphite
16.3.3 Natural graphite and its composites
16.3.4 Carbon . bers
16.3.5 Carbon nanotubes and graphene
16.3.6 Diamond and diamond-like carbons
16.4 Concluding remarks .382 References
CHAPTER17 Isotropic High-density Graphite and Nuclear Applications
17.1 Production
17.2 Properties
17.3 Nuclear applications
17.3.1 Fission reactors
17.3.2 Fusion reactors
17.4 Concluding remarks .406 References
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