Unit 1 Introduction. 1
1.1 Overview2
1.1.1 Purpose of the Introduction Section2
1.1.2 Information Elements of the Introduction Section2
1.1.3 Main Focus of Writing the Introduction Section.2
1.2 Sample Analysis4
1.3 Linguistic Features of the Introduction Section.8
1.3.1 Lexical Features8
1.3.2 Syntactical Features10
1.4 Useful Expressions for the Introduction Section13
1.5 Reflections and Practice15
Unit 2 Literature Review 27
2.1 Overview28
2.1.1 Purposes of the Literature Review Section28
2.1.2 Information Elements of the Literature Review Section28
2.1.3 Principles of Writing the Literature Review Section30
2.1.4 Citation Methods in the Literature Review30
2.1.5 Organizational Patterns of the Literature Review Section.32
2.1.6 Common Problems of Writing the Literature Review Section34
2.2 Sample Analysis.34
2.3 Linguistic Features of the Literature Review Section37
2.3.1 Lexical Features37
2.3.2 Syntactical Features39
2.4 Plagiarism and Paraphrase41
2.4.1 Plagiarism41
2.4.2 Paraphrase43
2.5 Useful Expressions for the Literature Review Section43
2.6 Reflections and Practice45
Unit 3 Methods. 55
3.1 Overview 56
3.1.1 Purpose of the Methods Section56
3.1.2 Information Elements of the Methods Section56
3.1.3 Principles of Writing the Methods Section58
3.2 Sample Analysis58
3.3 Linguistic Features of the Methods Section62
3.3.1 Lexical Features.62
3.3.2 Syntactical Features.63
3.4 Useful Expressions for the Methods Section.68
3.5 Reflections and Practice.70
Unit 4 Results. 77
4.1 Overview78
4.1.1 Purpose of the Results Section78
4.1.2 Information Elements of the Results Section78
4.1.3 Sequential Structure of the Results Section.79
4.1.4 Principles of Results Presentation80
4.1.5 Common Mistakes in Writing a Results Section81
4.1.6 Criteria for Judging a Results Section81
4.2 Sample Analysis82
4.3 Linguistic Features of the Results Section94
4.3.1 Lexical Features.94
4.3.2 Syntactical Features.95
4.4 Useful Expressions for the Results Section97
4.5 Reflections and Practice98
Unit 5 Discussion 107
5.1 Overview.108
5.1.1 Purpose of the Discussion Section.108
5.1.2 Information Elements of the Discussion Section108
5.1.3 Principles of Writing the Discussion Section110
5.1.4 Organizational Pattern of the Discussion Section 111
5.2 Sample Analysis111
5.3 Linguistic Features of the Discussion Section.118
5.3.1 Lexical Features118
5.3.2 Syntactical Features121
5.4 Useful Expressions for the Discussion Section122
5.5 Reflections and Practice124
Unit 6 Conclusion. 133
6.1 Overview134
6.1.1 Purpose of the Conclusion Section134
6.1.2 Information Elements of the Conclusion Section.134
6.1.3 Principles of Writing the Conclusion Section.136
6.1.4 Common Problems of Writing a Conclusion Section136
6.2 Sample Analysis137
6.3 Linguistic Features of the Conclusion Section141
6.3.1 Lexical Features141
6.3.2 Syntactical Features144
6.4 Useful Expressions for the Conclusion Section.147
6.5 Reflections and Practice.150
Unit 7 Title and Abstract 157
7.1 Overview158
7.1.1 Purposes of the Title158
7.1.2 Principles of Writing a Title158
7.1.3 Types of Titles159
7.1.4 Capitalization of the Title.160
7.1.5 Purposes of the Abstract.161
7.1.6 Information Elements of the Abstract161
7.1.7 Types of Abstracts.162
7.1.8 Common Problems of Writing the Abstract.163
7.2 Sample Analysis164
7.2.1 Title Analysis.164
7.2.2 Different Types of Abstracts165
7.2.3 Textual Analysis of the Abstract168
7.3 Linguistic Features of the Title and the Abstract171
7.3.1 Lexical Features171
7.3.2 Syntactical Features.174
7.4 Useful Expressions for the Abstract177
7.5 Reflections and Practice.179
Unit 8 Referencing 187
8.1 Overview 188
8.1.1 Purpose of Referencing 188
8.1.2 Information Elements of Referencing 188
8.1.3 Referencing Styles190
8.2 Sample Analysis202
8.3 Reflections and Practice205
Unit 9 Common Mistakes in Students’ Writings 211
9.1 Common Mistakes 212
9.1.1 Lexical Level.212
9.1.2 Syntactical Level214
9.1.3 Textual Level.217
9.1.4 Academic Conventions 224
9.2 Reflections and Practice226
Unit 10 Chinglish vs. English. 231
10.1 Overview232
10.1.1 Interlingual Errors of Chinglish.232
10.1.2 Positive and Negative Transfer Between Two Languages232
10.2 Sample Analysis of Representational Chinglish Structures.233
10.2.1 Interferences of Chinese Culture233
10.2.2 Interferences of Chinese Thinking Pattern234
10.2.3 Inappropriate Expressions238
10.2.4 Confusion Between Coordination and Subordination.239
10.3 Some Salient Differences Between English and Chinese.240
10.3.1 Reversed Word Order.241
10.3.2 Postpositive Attributive in English241
10.3.3 Static English and Dynamic Chinese242
10.3.4 Multifunction of English Attributive Clauses242
10.3.5 Compact English and Relatively Loose Chinese243
10.3.6 Chinese Four-Character Sentences and English Words and Phrases244
10.3.7 English Passive Sentences and Chinese Sentences with No Subjects244
10.3.8 Inanimate Subjects in English and Chinese Sentences245
10.4 Reflections and Practice246
Unit 11 Posters for International Conferences and Data Presentation 251
11.1 Overview.252
11.2 Pre-Conference Correspondence 252
11.3 Making a Research Poster.255
11.3.1 What Is a Research Poster?.255
11.3.2 Instructions on Making a Poster for an International Conference256
11.3.3 Design Suggestions for Scientific Posters258
11.4 Information Elements of Posters.259
11.5 Poster Samples259
11.6 Linguistic Features of Posters.262
11.7 Data Presentation265
11.8 Reflections and Practice268
Unit 12 Manuscript Publication 271
12.1 Overview272
12.1.1 Aims and Scope of the Target Journal272
12.1.2 Guide for Authors273
12.1.3 Cover Letter 275
12.2 Response to Editors and Reviewers .276
12.2.1 Peer-Review Process276
12.2.2 Three Golden Rules of Responding to Reviewers’ Comments277
12.3 Reflections and Practice280
References. 285
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