Contents
Part 1
Introduction to Environmental Science and Engineering -
1 -
UNIT
1 What is Environmental Science? -
1 -
UNIT
2 What is Environmental Engineering? -
9 -
UNIT
3 Industrial Revolutions and
Environmental Problems -
16 -
UNIT
4 Global Environmental Concerns -
24 -
Part 2 Air
Pollution and Control -
33 -
UNIT
5 Energy and Energy Efficiency -
33 -
UNIT
6 Air Pollution, Sources and
Characteristics -
41 -
UNIT
7 Health, Environmental and Climate
Impact -
50 -
UNIT
8 Theory and Objectives of Air
Dispersion Modeling -
58 -
UNIT
9 Approaches to Emission Estimation -
66 -
UNIT
10 Air Pollution Emission Control
Devices for Stationary Sources -
72 -
UNIT
11 Biofiltration of Volatile Organic
Compounds VOCs-An Overview -
80 -
Part 3 Water
Pollution and Control -
87 -
UNIT
12 Types and Sources of Water Pollution -
87 -
UNIT
13 Chemistry of Wastewater -
97 -
UNIT
14 Toxicological Effects of Major
Environmental Pollutants: An Overview -
104 -
UNIT
15 Conventional Wastewater Treatment
Process -
113 -
UNIT
16 Biological Wastewater Treatment -
122 -
UNIT
17 Advanced Wastewater Treatment -
135 -
UNIT
18 An Introduction to Water Chemistry in
Freshwater Aquaculture -
144 -
UNIT
19 New and Emerging Water Pollutants
Arising from Agriculture -
153 -
Part 4 Solid
Waste and Disposal -
162 -
UNIT
20 Sources, Types and Composition of
Solid Wastes -
162 -
UNIT
21 Impact of Municipal and Industrial
Non-Hazardous Waste Landfills on
Public Health and the Environment: An
Overview -
172 -
UNIT
22 Hazardous Waste Management -
180 -
UNIT
23 Waste to Energy -
190 -
UNIT
24 Technical Discussion of Plasma
Gasification① -
201 -
Part 5 Noise
Pollution and Soil Pollution -
210 -
UNIT
25 Assessing and Mitigating Noise
Impacts -
210 -
UNIT
26 Soil Pollution -
219 -
Part 6
Scientific Instruments for Environmental Science -
227 -
UNIT
27 Environmental Impact Assessment EIA -
227 -
UNIT
28 Framework for Ecological Risk
Assessment -
237 -
UNIT
29 Electrochemical Sensors for
Environmental Monitoring: A Review of Recent
Technology -
252 -
Part 7
Pollution Prevention -
262 -
UNIT
30 Pollution Prevention Concepts and Principles -
262 -
UNIT
31 Green Chemistry and Technology for
Sustainable Development Basic
Principles and Applications -
273 -
UNIT
32 The Application of Biotechnology to
Industrial Sustainability -
282 -
Reference - 293
內容試閱：
Unit
2 What is Environmental Engineering?
Environmental
engineering is
the integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the natural
environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and
for other organisms, and to clean up pollution sites. Environmental engineering
can also be described as a branch of applied science and technology that
addresses the issue of energy preservation, production asset and control of
waste from human and animal activities. Furthermore, it is concerned with
finding plausible solutions in the field of public health, such as waterborne diseases, implementing laws which
promote adequate sanitation in urban, rural and recreational areas. It involves waste
water management and air
pollution control, recycling, waste
disposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental
sustainability, and public
health issues as well as a
knowledge of environmental engineering law. It
also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction
projects.
Environmental engineers
study the effect of technological advances on the environment. To do so, they
conduct studies on hazardous-waste
management to evaluate the
significance of such hazards, advice on treatment and containment, and develop
regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems as well as address local
and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain,
global
warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution
from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.
At many universities, environmental
engineering programs follow either the department of civil
engineering or the department of chemical engineering at engineering faculties. Environmental civil
engineers focus on hydrology, water resources management, bioremediation, and
water treatment plant design. Environmental chemical engineers, on the other
hand, focus on environmental chemistry, advanced air and water treatment
technologies and separation processes.
Additionally, engineers are
more frequently obtaining specialized training in law and are utilizing their
technical expertise in the practices of environmental engineering law.
Development
Ever since people first
recognized that their health and well-being were related to the quality of
their environment, they have applied thoughtful principles to attempt to
improve the quality of their environment. The ancient Harappan civilization① utilized
early sewers in some cities. The Romans
constructed aqueducts②to
prevent drought and to create a clean, healthful water supply for the metropolis of Rome. In the 15th
century, Bavaria③ created
laws restricting the development and degradation of alpine country that
constituted the regions water supply.
The field emerged as a
separate environmental discipline during the middle third of the 20th century
in response to widespread public concern about water and pollution and
increasingly extensive environmental quality degradation. However, its roots
extend back to early efforts in public health engineering. Modern environmental
engineering began in London in the mid-19th century when Joseph
Bazalgette designed the first
major sewerage system that reduced the incidence of
waterborne diseases such as cholera. The
introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment in industrialized
countries reduced waterborne diseases from leading causes of death to rarities.
In many cases, as societies
grew, actions that were intended to achieve benefits for those societies had
longer-term impacts which reduced other environmental qualities. One example is
the widespread application of the pesticide DDT to control agricultural pests in the years
following World War
II. While the agricultural benefits were outstanding and crop yields
increased dramatically, thus reducing world hunger substantially, and malaria was controlled better than it ever had been,
numerous species were brought to the verge of extinction due to the impact of
the DDT on their reproductive cycles. The story of DDT as vividly told in Rachel
Carsons Silent
Spring 1962 is considered to
be the birth of the modern environmental movement and the development of the
modern field of environmental engineering.
Conservation movements and laws restricting public actions that would harm
the environment have been developed by various societies for millennia. Notable
examples are the laws decreeing the construction of sewers in London and Paris in
the 19th century and the creation of the U. S. national park system in the
early 20th century.
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