第一章 中国人体器官捐献 1
一、机构和队伍建设情况 1
二、志愿登记情况 3
三、器官捐献情况 5
四、相关工作开展 7
五、工作展望 9
第二章 中国人体捐献器官获取 10
一、人体捐献器官获取体系建设与发展 11
二、OPO机构分布与建设情况 12
三、器官捐献情况 13
四、器官获取与利用情况 14
五、捐献器官质量情况 16
六、特点与展望 18
第三章 中国人体器官分配与共享 20
一、中国移植医疗机构分布 22
二、人体器官捐献情况 22
三、移植等待者情况 24
四、人体器官分配与共享政策实施效果 28
五、特点与展望 30
第四章 中国肝脏移植 32
一、肝脏移植医疗机构分布 33
二、肝脏移植受体人口特征 35
三、肝脏移植质量安全分析 36
四、特点与展望 39
第五章 中国肾脏移植 41
一、肾脏移植医疗机构分布 42
二、肾脏移植受体人口特征 48
三、肾脏移植质量安全分析 49
四、特点与展望 51
第六章 中国心脏移植 53
一、心脏移植医疗机构分布 53
二、心脏移植受体人口特征 56
三、心脏移植质量安全分析 57
四、特点与展望 59
第七章 中国肺脏移植 61
一、肺脏移植医疗机构分布 62
二、肺脏移植受体人口特征 64
三、肺脏移植质量安全分析 66
四、特点与展望 70
第八章 中国器官移植技术进展与创新 73
一、劈离式肝移植关键技术体系建立和推广 73
二、甲胎蛋白-谷氨酰转肽酶-杭州标准评分（AFP-GGT-
Hangzhou scoring system，AGH评分）是肝细胞癌患者
肝移植术后无病生存和靶向治疗效果的预测指标 75
三、融合双分子标志物的肝癌肝移植患者分类新标准 79
四、天然高分子生物肝材料治疗多器官功能衰竭核心技术
体系的建立与应用 80
五、基于基因模型指导肝移植术后抗排异反应精准给药方案 82
六、达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜技术在肾移植中的应用 83
七、人工血管保护外鞘预防移植肾动脉扭折的疗效 86
八、六基因编辑猪-恒河猴异种肾脏移植 88
九、国内首组婴幼儿供肾给婴幼儿肾移植37例 90
十、无缺血心脏移植 91
十一、一种全新的心肌活检技术在心脏移植术后的应用 92
十二、基于机器学习的肺移植患者预后模型 94
十三、机器人辅助微创入路单肺移植手术 95
十四、供体来源游离DNA在肺移植术后排异反应
诊断中的应用 97
索 引 99
Contents
Chapter 1 Human Organ Donation in China 101
1.1 Organizations and team building 102
1.2 Registration of human organ donation volunteers 105
1.3 Organ donation in China 107
1.4 Progress of related work 109
1.5 Future outlook 113
Chapter 2 Donated Organ Procurement in China 115
2.1 Development and construction of human donated organ
procurement system 116
2.2 Distribution and construction of OPOs 118
2.3 Organ donation in China 119
2.4 Procurement and utilization of organs 121
2.5 Quality of donor organs 123
2.6 Features and future outlook 125
Chapter 3 Human Organ Allocation and Sharing in China 129
3.1 Distribution of transplant hospitals in China 132
3.2 Overview of human organ donation 133
3.3 Patients waiting for organ transplantation 135
3.4 Policy implementation efficacy in organ allocation and sharing 140
3.5 Feature and future outlook 142
Chapter 4 Liver Transplantation in China 145
4.1 Distribution of medical institutions qualified for liver
transplantation 146
4.2 Demographic characteristics of liver transplant recipients 149
4.3 Quality and safety analysis of liver transplantation 150
4.4 Feature and future outlook 153
Chapter 5 Kidney Transplantation in China 156
5.1 Distribution of medical institutions qualified for kidney transplantation 157
5.2 Demographic characteristics of kidney transplant recipients 165
5.3 Quality and safety analysis of kidney transplantation 166
5.4 Feature and future outlook 169
Chapter 6 Heart Transplantation in China 172
6.1 Distribution of medical institutions qualified for heart transplantation 173
6.2 Demographic characteristics of heart transplant recipients 175
6.3 Quality and safety analysis of heart transplantation 177
6.4 Feature and future outlook 179
Chapter 7 Lung Transplantation in China 183
7.1 Distribution of medical institutions qualified for lung
transplantation 184
7.2 Demographic characteristics of lung transplant recipients 187
7.3 Quality and safety analysis of lung transplantation 190
7.4 Feature and future outlook 195
Chapter 8 The Development of Technologies and Innovations for Organ Transplantation in China 199
8.1 Establishment and promotion of key technical system for split liver transplantation 199
8.2 The AGH score is a predictor of disease-free survival and targeted therapy efficacy after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma 202
8.3 A novel stratification integrating dual biomarkers in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma 206
8.4 Establishment and application of core technology system for the treatment of multiple organ failure with natural polymer biological liver materials 208
8.5 Genotype-guided model used for precise anti-rejection therapy after liver transplantation 211
8.6 Application of Da Vinci robot-assisted laparoscopy in kidney transplantation 213
8.7 The utilization of an artificial protective external vascular sheath in renal transplantation represents a novel technological advancement aimed at preventing graft artery kinking 217
8.8 Six-genes edited porcine-rhesus kidney xenotran-splantation 219
8.9 The first group of 37 cases of kidney transplantation for infants and young children in China 221
8.10 Ischemia-free heart transplantation 224
8.11 A novel myocardial biopsy technique after heart
transplantation 225
8.12 A machine learning based prognostic model for lung
transplant patients 228
8.13 Robot-assisted lung transplantation 230
8.14 Application of donor-derived cell-free DNA in diagnosing
rejection after lung transplantation 232
Preface
Under the guidance and support of the National Health Commission and the Red Cross Society of China， the Report on Organ Donation and Transplantation in China (2023) organized and compiled by the China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation has been published.
Since the release of the inaugural Report on Organ Transplantation in China in March 2018， five volumes have been published consecutively， establishing itself as the official and authoritative source of data on organ donation and transplantation in China.
The Chinese government places great importance on the development of human organ donation and transplantation. Over the past decade， with the advancement of clinical medicine and the improvement of relevant laws and regulations， especially the implementation of the Regulations on Human Organ Transplantation since May 2007， significant progress on organ donation and transplantation has been made in China. For instance， in 2016， six ministries including transportation， aviation， and railway， etc.， jointly issued the Notice on the Establishment of a Green Channel for the Transport of Human Donor Organs， thereby establishing the green channel for the swift transport of human donor organ in order to save time for life-saving activities; in May 2017， the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Red Cross Society clarified the responsibilities of the Red Cross Society of China in facilitating organ donation， and exploration on establishing the mechanism of humanitarian assistance by charitable organizations has started ever since; in 2021， the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China was taken into effect， clearly stipulating the basic rules of organ donation; in July 2021， the Interim Provisions on Financial Management of Human Organ Procurement jointly issued by seven ministries clarified the cost of organ procurement and utilization， with a focus on establishing and improving the financial management mechanism on issues regarding human organ procurement procedures. This has significantly accelerated the organ transplant legalization process， representing a landmark development in China’s organ donation and transplant reform.
In December 2023， the official promulgation of the Regulations on Human Organ Donation and Transplantation marked a new milestone in China’s organ donation and transplantation， ushering it into a new stage of development. One of the most significant revisions to the Regulation was the addition of Donation to the title， which highlighted the importance of organ donation and demonstrated the Chinese government’s commitment to organ donation and transplantation， as well as its confidence and determination to advance this cause of great love. Consequently， from this year on， the Report on Organ Transplantation Development in China has also be officially renamed to the Report on Organ Donation and Transplantation Development in China. Henceforth， organ transplantation in China， which is founded on organ donation， will persist in its pursuit of advancement in the public eye.
This year marks the beginning of fully implementing the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. The report of the 20th National Congress presented by President XI Jinping stated that， (we must) advance the Healthy China Initiative， give strategic priority to ensuring the people’s health and improve policies on promoting public health. China remains a significant player in the global health sector. Concurrently， China’s health initiatives are also bolstered by international assistance. In recent years， China has taken the initiative to enhance exchanges and cooperation with a variety of countries， demonstrating the top-level planning， institutional construction， laws and regulations， and work systems of organ transplantation. At the same time， China provides relevant data and analysis results to the international community through the World Health Organization’s Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation， presenting the significant achievements of organ donation and transplantation related works in the country with transparency.
The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized the enhancement of people’s well-being and the improvement of quality of life. Against the backdrop of the new era， organ transplantation has been endowed with a higher mission. We will persevere and strive to build a comprehensive organ donation and transplantation system that aligns with ethical standards and conforms to the guidelines provided by the World Health Organization， and make every effort to reach new heights in science and technology development of organ transplantation.
This report is the fifth edition compiled by the China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation， which is a faithful record of the achievements of reform on organ transplantation development in China. The publication of this report is not only an in-depth summary and refinement of past work but also a clear insight and precise grasp of directions for future development.
As a result of the ongoing publication process， We have acquired experience and enhanced the quality of content. This publication， based on the previous editions， incorporates the latest research findings， practical experience， and international cutting-edge concepts. It provides more forward-looking and guiding references for promoting the development organ donation and transplantation in China， and also contributes unique Chinese wisdom and solutions to the global field of organ transplantation. The China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation will continue to uphold its mission， taking this report as a cornerstone， and make unremitting efforts in promoting the vigorous development of organ transplantation in China.
Editorial Committee of the Report on the Development
of Organ Donation and Transplantation in China
October， 2024
NOTE: Time period for data collection of Report on the Development of Organ Donation and Transplantationin China (2023): January 1， 2023 to December 31， 2023. Data of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (excluding Hong Kong SAR， Macao SAR， and Taiwan Province) were included.
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