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This book is written by Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, focusing on tumor boundary, evolution mechanism, imaging technology, probes and equipment, and summarizing relevant scientific and technological papers at home and abroad over the years. This book is mainly divided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the concept and significance of boundaries, as well as the biomedical aspects of biological boundaries and tumor boundaries; Chapter 2 introduces the tumor boundary and its evolution mechanism, including tumor cell interaction and information transmission, tumor microenvironment analysis, tumor infiltration and distant metastasis mechanisms, etc; Chapters 3 to 5 introduce tumor boundary imaging technologies such as magnetism, optics, and acoustics, imaging probes, imaging equipment, and algorithms. They systematically explain the imaging principles, performance, and practical applications; Chapter 6 summarizes and look
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ContentsForewordPrefaceCHAPTER 1 Boundaries in Biomedicine 11.1 Concept and Significance of Boundaries 11.2 Boundaries in Biomedicine 31.2.1 Scales in Boundaries in Biomedicine 41.2.2 Future Development of Boundaries in Biomedicine 91.3 Tumor Boundaries 131.3.1 Molecular Events in Tumor Boundaries 141.3.2 Cellular Boundaries in Tumor Boundaries 161.3.3 Tissue Boundaries in Tumor Boundaries 191.3.4 Tumor Boundaries In Vivo 20References 23CHAPTER 2 Tumor Boundary and Its Evolution Mechanisms 272.1 Early Formation of the Tumor Boundaries 272.1.1 Gene Mutation at the Tumor Boundaries 272.1.2 Epigenetic Changes at the Tumor Boundaries 312.1.3 Heterogeneity at the Tumor Boundaries 342.2 Evolution of the Tumor Boundaries 352.2.1 Cellular Interactions and Information Transmission at the Tumor Boundaries 362.2.2 Remodeling of Microenvironment at the Tumor Boundaries 422.3 Mechanisms of Tumor Boundary Infiltration and Metastasis 502.3.1 Mechanism of Tumor Boundary Infiltration 502.3.2 Mechanisms of Tumor Metastasis 552.4 Summary 62References 63CHAPTER 3 Tumor Boundary Imaging Technologies 693.1 Magnetic Imaging Technologies for Tumor Boundaries 693.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Technique for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 703.1.2 Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging Technique for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 723.1.3 Heteronuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 753.1.4 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Technique for Tumor Boundaries 763.1.5 Diffusion Tensor Imaging Technique for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 783.1.6 Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 793.1.7 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Tumor Boundaries 813.1.8 Multi-Parameter Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 823.1.9 Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 843.1.10 T?-Weighted Imaging and T?-Weighted Imaging Technique for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 853.2 Optical Imaging Technologies for Tumor Boundaries 873.2.1 Characteristics of Optical Imaging Technologies 873.2.2 Principles of Optical Imaging Technologies 883.2.3 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Imaging Techniques for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 923.2.4 Raman Imaging Technique for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1013.3 Computed Tomography Imaging Technologies for Tumor Boundaries 1083.3.1 Traditional Computed Tomography Imaging Technique for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1083.3.2 Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Imaging Technique for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 1113.3.3 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging Technique for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1143.3.4 Photon-Counting Computed Tomography Imaging Technique for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1153.3.5 Phase-Contrast Tomography with Layered Imaging Technique for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 1153.3.6 AI-Assisted Computed Tomography Imaging Technique for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 1163.4 Acoustic Imaging Technologies for Tumor Boundaries 1193.4.1 Ultrasound Imaging Technique for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 1193.4.2 Super-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging Technique for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1223.4.3 Photoacoustic Imaging Technique for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 1253.4.4 Ultrasound-Excited Optical Imaging Technique for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 1303.5 Multimodal Imaging Technologies for Tumor Boundaries 1323.5.1 Principles of Multimodal Imaging Technologies 1333.5.2 Multimodal Imaging Techniques for Delineation of Tumor Boundaries 1363.5.3 Future Directions for Multimodal Imaging Technologies for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1393.6 Summary 139References 141CHAPTER 4 Tumor Boundary Imaging Probes 1534.1 Magnetic Imaging Probes 1534.1.1 T?-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probes for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1544.1.2 T?-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probes for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1614.1.3 Dual-Modal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probes for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1644.1.4 Organic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probes for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1684.2 Optical Imaging Probes 1734.2.1 Fluorescence Imaging Probes for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1774.2.2 Phosphorescent Imaging Probes for Delineating of Tumor Boundaries 1864.2.3 Raman Imaging Probes for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1954.3 Acoustic Imaging Probes 1984.3.1 Ultrasound Imaging Probes for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 1984.3.2 Photoacoustic Imaging Probes for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 2074.3.3 Acoustic Therapy Visualization Imaging Probes for Delineating Tumor Boundaries 2134.4 Radionuclide Imaging Probes 2144.4.
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Chapter 1 Boundaries in Biomedicine Fang YANG, Hao PENG and Jie XING 1.1 Concept and Significance of Boundaries In physics, boundaries generally refer to the limits between objects or systems and are often used to describe the division of objects or phenomena in space or time. For example, the surface of an object is its physical boundary, and the phase transition interfaces between gases, liquids, and solids can also be considered physical boundaries. Additionally, in ecosystems, boundaries such as the transition zones between forests and grasslands are not only physical boundaries but also active sites for material exchange, energy flow, and information communication. These regions play a critical role in ecosystem stability and biodiversity. In biology, the concept of boundaries is further expanded and becomes an indispensable cornerstone of life activities. As the boundary between the cell and the external environment, the selective permeability mechanism of the cell membrane ensures the stability of the internal environment of the cell. At the same time, receptors and signaling molecules on the cell membrane play a central role in intercellular communication, coordinating key life processes such as development, differentiation, and immune response in organisms. In the field of medicine, the concept of boundaries is equally important. Normal biological boundaries, such as skin and mucosa, form the first line of effective defense against external threats. These barrier structures, with their unique physical and chemical properties, prevent pathogens, toxins, and unnecessary substances from entering the body, thereby protecting it from damage. At the same time, by precisely regulating their selective permeability, these boundaries ensure the smooth flow of essential biological molecules, such as hormones and nutrients, thus maintaining internal stability and physiological functions. The precise regulation of these boundaries is crucial for the health of organisms. In the field of biomedical science, the concept of boundaries carries profound and complex scientific implications. It goes beyond physical separations, such as cell membranes, interstitial structures, and transitional zones in ecosystems, to encompass the interactions and coordination mechanisms between molecules, cells, and tissues. The development of various pathological conditions is closely linked to boundary dysfunction. For example, the invasive growth and immune escape are associated with the disruption of boundaries?1?. Tumor cells can break through normal tissue boundaries, enabling them to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize, which is one of the key factors leading to tumor progression. Additionally, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and other conditions are also related to boundary dysfunction?2?. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system abnormally attacks the body’s own tissue boundaries, while in infectious diseases, the body’s boundary defense function is impaired, leading to an inability to effectively resist the invasion of external pathogens, which in turn causes tissue damage and functional impairment. These disease states highlight the central role of boundary function in maintaining homeostasis and protecting against external threats, as well as the profound impact of its dysfunction on pathological processes. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of boundary formation, their functional characteristics, and dynamic changes during disease processes is of great significance for a deep understanding of the fundamental principles of life and the nature of diseases. This research not only helps to reveal the key role of boundaries in maintaining the body’s homeostasis and defense against external pathogens but also provides new insights and approaches for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. For example, focusing on the development of boundary regulation and therapeutic strategies, such as enhancing immune cells’ ability to recognize boundaries and repairing damaged boundary structures, can restore normal physiological function and prevent further disease progression?3?. The development and implementation of these strategies often rely on modern biological technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing and microscopic imaging, which provide high-resolution images and data to help researchers observe and analyze the structure and function of boundaries, thus gaining a deeper understanding of their role in disease processes. At the same time, through in-depth mining and systematic analysis of massive clinical data, researchers can uncover the deep connections and patterns between boundary dysfunction and the occurrence and progression of diseases, providing a solid scientific foundation for precise diagnosis and personalized treatment. This process is expected to drive revolutionary breakthroughs in the field of life and health, accelerating the transformation of medicine
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