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| 編輯推薦： |
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本书拟从多个维度介绍中国器官移植事业改革发展的状况，器官移植“中国模式”的支撑体系，分析我国器官捐献意愿，并建立年度发布制度，为我国器官移植事业的改革推动、加强宣传及国际交流等提供支撑。
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| 內容簡介： |
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本书由中国器官移植发展基金会组织编写。为器官移植领域提供参考依据，从而全面梳理我国器官移植领域的多方认知与社会意义相关证据，真正指导社会各界对于器官移植工作的正确全面的认识，并建立发展报告年度发布制度，成为我国器官移植专业领域的重要参考资料。报告拟从多个维度介绍中国器官移植事业改革发展的状况，器官移植“中国模式”的支撑体系，分析我国器官捐献意愿，并建立年度发布制度，为我国器官移植事业的改革推动、加强宣传及国际交流等提供支撑。
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| 關於作者： |
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黄洁夫，原中山医科大学校长、原卫生部副部长、中央保健委员会原副主任（正部长级），第十二届全国政协常委，现任国家器官捐献与移植委员会主任委员，中国器官移植发展基金会理事长，清华大学医院管理研究院院长，中国协和医科大学和清华大学外科学教授。主编了16部外科学专著，在国内外学术杂志发表607篇学术论著，主持过国内外80余次学术大会，获国家、省部级科技奖励8次，曾获全国五一劳动奖章、全国优秀归国人员奖，卫生部白求恩奖及中组部人民公仆奖；2008年获得国际器官移植协会（TTS）重要贡献奖，2013年获世界卫生组织（WHO）控烟 贡献奖，同年被香港大学和香港公开大学授予荣誉博士称号；2015年获得GUSI国际和平奖，同 年获中国医学界认可度最高的吴阶平医学奖特别贡献奖，2017年获中国红十字总会颁发的重大贡献奖。现为英国爱丁堡皇家外科学院院士、香港医学专科学院院士、世界器官移植学会中国会员、亚洲肝胆胰外科协会中国理事，是国内外多间著名大学的客座或名誉教授，如北京大学、清华大学、 中山大学、香港中文大学、哈佛大学、麻省理工学院、悉尼大学等。
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| 目錄：
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目 录
第一章 中国人体器官捐献 1
一、政策制度建设情况 2
二、组织网络建设情况 2
三、志愿登记情况 4
四、器官捐献情况 6
五、相关工作开展 8
六、工作展望 11
第二章 中国人体捐献器官获取 12
一、人体捐献器官获取体系建设与发展 13
二、OPO机构分布与建设情况 14
三、器官捐献情况 15
四、器官获取与利用情况 16
五、捐献器官质量情况 18
六、特点与展望 20
第三章 中国人体器官分配与共享 22
一、中国移植医疗机构分布 24
二、人体器官捐献情况 24
三、移植等待者情况 26
四、人体器官分配与共享政策实施效果 30
五、特点与展望 32
第四章 中国肝脏移植 34
一、肝脏移植医疗机构分布 35
二、肝脏移植受体人口特征 37
三、肝脏移植质量安全分析 38
四、特点与展望 40
第五章 中国肾脏移植 42
一、肾脏移植医疗机构分布 43
二、肾脏移植受体人口特征 49
三、肾脏移植质量安全分析 50
四、特点与展望 53
第六章 中国心脏移植 55
一、心脏移植医疗机构分布 55
二、心脏移植受体人口特征 58
三、心脏移植质量安全分析 59
四、特点与展望 62
第七章 中国肺脏移植 64
一、肺脏移植医疗机构分布 65
二、肺脏移植受体人口特征 68
三、肺脏移植质量安全分析 70
四、特点与展望 73
第八章 中国器官移植技术进展与创新 76
一、胰岛移植联合无缺血肝移植技术 76
二、基于供受者性别匹配模式的肝癌肝移植疗效评价 78
三、基于骨骼肌状态的肝癌肝移植围术期动态评估体系 81
四、［18F］AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT在诊断肝移植术后移植
肝纤维化的临床应用 82
五、利用高光谱技术分析尿液成分预测和鉴别肾移植排异反应 86
六、改良供胰尾端脾动静脉分流术的临床疗效分析 91
七、供体左房瓣旋转技术在肺移植左心房袖重建中的应用 93
八、肺纤维化的发生发展机制探究及其肺移植诊疗体系 97
九、供体主动脉弓优化重建左心房袖的技术应用 99
Contents
Chapter 1 Human Organ Donation in China 102
1.1 Development of policies and regulatory systems 103
1.2 Development of the organizational networks 104
1.3 Registration of human organ donation volunteers 106
1.4 Organ donation in China 109
1.5 Progress of related works 112
1.6 Future outlook 116
Chapter 2 Donated Organ Procurement in China 118
2.1 Development and construction of human donated organ
procurement system 119
2.2 Distribution and construction of OPOs 121
2.3 Organ donation in China 122
2.4 Procurement and utilization of organs 124
2.5 Quality of donor organs 127
2.6 Features and future outlook 129
Chapter 3 Human Organ Allocation and Sharing in China 132
3.1 Distribution of transplant hospitals in China 134
3.2 Overview of human organ donation 135
3.3 Patients waiting for organ transplantation 138
3.4 Policy implementation efficacy in organ allocation and sharing 142
3.5 Features and future outlook 145
Chapter 4 Liver Transplantation in China 147
4.1 Distribution of medical institutions qualified for liver
transplantation 148
4.2 Demographic characteristics of liver transplant recipients 151
4.3 Quality and safety analysis of liver transplantation 151
4.4 Feature and future outlook 155
Chapter 5 Kidney Transplantation in China 157
5.1 Distribution of medical institutions qualified for kidney transplantation 158
5.2 Demographic characteristics of kidney transplant recipients 166
5.3 Quality and safety analysis of kidney transplantation 167
5.4 Features and future outlook 170
Chapter 6 Heart Transplantation in China 174
6.1 Distribution of medical institutions qualified for heart
transplantation 174
6.2 Demographic characteristics of heart transplantation recipients 177
6.3 Quality and safety analysis of heart transplantation 178
6.4 Features and future outlook 181
Chapter 7 Lung Transplantation in China 184
7.1 Distribution of medical institutions qualified for lung
transplantation 185
7.2 Demographic characteristics of lung transplantation recipients 189
7.3 Quality and safety analysis of lung transplantation 191
7.4 Features and future outlook 195
Chapter 8 The Development of Technologies and Innovations for Organ Transplantation in China 198
8.1 Islet transplantation combined with ischemia-free liver
transplantation technology 198
8.2 Influence of sex on outcomes of liver transplantation for
hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter cohort study in China 201
8.3 A dynamic perioperative assessment system based on
skeletal muscle status in liver transplantation for
hepatocellular carcinoma 204
8.4 The clinical application of [18F] AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT
in the diagnostic value of liver graft fibrosis after liver
transplantation 206
8.5 Hyperspectral technology for urine analysis in predicting and
identifying kidney transplant rejection 210
8.6 Clinical efficacy analysis of modified pancreatic tail end-to-splenic
arteriovenous shunt: a case study from the China organ
transplantation development report 215
8.7 Donor posterior atrial flap rotation for left atrial cuff
reconstruction in lung transplantation 220
8.8 Mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis and its lung transplantation
diagnosis and treatment system 224
8.9 Application of donor aortic arch optimization technique in
reconstructing left atrial cuff 227
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前 言
近年来，我国器官捐献与移植事业在国家卫生健康委员会、中国红十字总会等部门的指导下，在全体器官捐献与移植相关医务工作者的努力和全社会的拥护下，取得了令人瞩目的成绩。自公民自愿器官捐献成为器官移植唯一合法来源以来，捐献与移植数量稳步上升，每百万人口器官捐献率持续增长。这一成就的背后，是法律法规的逐步完善和监管措施的不断加强，特别是在时代的进步下，广大民众对“生与死”的传统观念的改变，以及投身于此的专业人士的辛勤付出。
2024年5月1日，《人体器官捐献和移植条例》（以下简称《条例》）正式施行。人体器官捐献和移植是人间大爱善行，关系人民群众生命健康，关系生命伦理和社会公平，是国家医学发展和社会文明进步的重要标志。《条例》的施行，是践行党的二十大精神的具体举措，是彰显“人民至上、生命至上”的使命担当，是弘扬社会主义核心价值观的实践要求。为保障《条例》的有效实施，推动人体器官捐献和移植事业规范、安全、有序发展，国家卫生健康委员会发布《人体器官移植伦理委员会工作规则》《人体器官移植诊疗科目登记管理办法》和《人体器官移植技术临床应用管理规定》三项文件。同时，为进一步出台、细化鼓励人体器官捐献的措施和保障政策，国家卫生健康委员会联合国家发展和改革委员会等14部门发布了《关于促进人体器官捐献工作健康发展的意见》，坚持多部门合作、全社会参与的人体器官捐献工作机制。加强部门联动，统筹推进工作，积极动员社会力量，组织各界广泛参与，发挥社会组织和公众人物的影响力，形成全社会协同推进的合力。
各年度《中国器官捐献和移植发展报告》的出版，是对我国器官捐献与移植工作的系统梳理和总结。报告内容实事求是、准确客观地反映出这一年度事业发展的全貌。涵盖了器官捐献的数量变化、移植手术的开展情况、相关政策的推进与落实，以及在技术创新、质量控制等方面的进展。这些翔实的数据和深入的分析，为国家卫生行政部门制定科学合理的器官捐献和移植管理决策提供了坚实依据，也为行业内人士提供了宝贵的参考资料，有力地推动了我国器官捐献和移植事业的规范化、高质量发展。
然而，在我国器官捐献与移植事业发展的同时，我们也清醒地认识到，这项事业仍面临诸多严峻挑战。尽管捐献数量近年来呈现出增长态势，但相较于庞大的患者需求，器官短缺的矛盾依旧突出。我国每百万人口器官捐献率与国际先进水平存在明显差距，如2024年我国该比率仅为4.79，远低于部分发达国家，这使得众多患者在漫长的等待中面临生命威胁。这背后，公众对器官捐献的认知度和接受度不足是关键因素之一，“一念生，一生缘”是生命终结时是最大善举。所以，扭转群众观念、普及捐献知识仍是一项长期且艰巨的社会工程。同时，规范化体系建设存在不足，人才培养也存在短板，专业人才数量和质量还不足以满足事业快速发展的需求，器官捐献和移植的规范化体系建设还需要进一步完善。
面对这些挑战，我们既要有正视问题的自觉，也要坚定破局突围的决心。在认识到差距与不足的同时，我们更应积极谋划、主动作为，以坚定的信念和切实的行动，推动我国器官捐献与移植事业迈向新的高度。
展望未来，我们充满信心。随着《条例》等法律法规的深入实施，政策的引导和规范作用将进一步凸显。我们将继续加强宣传教育，创新宣传方式，充分利用新媒体等渠道，广泛传播器官捐献的理念和意义，营造全社会支持器官捐献的良好氛围。同时，加大科研投入，鼓励技术创新，加强人才培养，不断提升我国器官移植的整体技术水平和服务质量。在国际合作方面，积极参与全球器官捐献与移植领域的交流与合作，分享中国经验，学习国际先进技术和管理模式，为推动全球器官捐献与移植事业的发展贡献中国力量。
在此，向所有为我国器官捐献与移植事业付出辛勤努力的人们致以最崇高的敬意。感谢国家卫生健康委员会、中国红十字会等各级政府部门和机构，为器官捐献与移植事业提供的政策支持和组织保障。感谢中国器官移植发展基金会以及各相关社会组织，在推动器官捐献与移植事业发展过程中发挥的重要桥梁和纽带作用。感谢那些无私奉献、以大爱之举赋予他人第二次生命的器官捐献者及其家属，他们的善举是生命的奇迹，也是人性光辉的闪耀。感谢奋战在器官捐献与移植一线的医护人员、协调员和科研工作者，你们用精湛的医术、专业的精神和不懈的努力，为患者带来了生的希望。
相信在全社会的共同努力下，我国器官捐献与移植事业必将迎来更加辉煌的明天，为增进人民健康福祉、推动社会文明进步作出更大的贡献。希望《中国器官捐献和移植发展报告（2024）》能够为行业内外人士提供有价值的信息，助力我国器官捐献与移植事业持续、健康、高质量发展。
《中国器官捐献和移植发展报告（2024）》编委会
2025年10月
注：《中国器官捐献和移植发展报告（2024）》数据统计时间为2024年1月1日—2024年12月31日；数据统计范围为31个省（自治区、直辖市）及新疆生产建设兵团
（不含中国香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区和台湾省）。
Preface
In recent years， under the guidance of the National Health Commission， the Red Cross Society of China， and other relevant departments， and with the concerted efforts of all medical professionals involved in organ donation and transplantation as well as the widespread support from society at large， organ donation and transplantation in China have achieved remarkable progress. Since voluntary organ donation by citizens became the sole legitimate source for organ transplants， the number of donations and transplants has steadily increased， with the organ donation rate per million population continuing to rise. Behind these achievements lie the gradual improvement of laws and regulations， the continuous strengthening of regulatory measures， and notably， the evolution of the public’s traditional views on “life and death” in tandem with societal progress， along with the diligent contributions of professionals dedicated to this field.
On May 1， 2024， the Regulations on Human Organ Donation and Transplantation were officially put into effect. Human organ donation and transplantation represent profound acts of love and kindness， closely tied to the life and health of the people， as well as to bioethics and social equity. They serve as vital indicators of a nation’s medical advancement and societal civilization. The implementation of the new Regulations is a concrete action to fulfill the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China， an embodiment of the commitment to “putting the people first and prioritizing life”， and a practical requirement for upholding the core socialist values. To ensure the effective implementation of the Regulations on Human Organ Donation and Transplantation and promote the standardized， safe， and orderly development of the human organ donation and transplantation cause， the National Health Commission issued three supporting documents， namely the Working Rules for Ethics Committees in Human Organ Transplantation， the Administrative Measures for the Registration of Clinical Specialties related to Human Organ Transplantation， and the Regulations on the Clinical Application Management of Human Organ Transplantation Technologies. Simultaneously， to further introduce detailed measures and safeguard policies to encourage human organ donation， the National Health Commission， jointly with 13 other departments， including the National Development and Reform Commission， issued the Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of Human Organ Donation. This document upholds a multi-departmental cooperation and whole-society participation mechanism for human organ donation. It emphasizes strengthening inter-departmental collaboration， advancing work in a coordinated manner， actively mobilizing social resources， organizing widespread participation from all sectors， leveraging the influence of social organizations and public figures， and forming a concerted effort to promote human organ donation across society.
The launch of the Report on China Organ Donation and Transplantation Development series represents a systematic review and summary of China’s efforts in organ donation and transplantation. The annually released reports provide a truthful， accurate， and objective overview of the development of this field throughout the year. They cover changes in the number of organ donations， the implementation of transplantation surgeries， the advancement and enforcement of relevant policies， as well as progress in technological innovation and quality control. These detailed data and in-depth analyses offer a solid foundation for the national health administrative departments to make scientific and rational management decisions regarding organ donation and transplantation， while also serve as invaluable references for professionals working in this field， thereby significantly contributing to the standardized and high-quality development of organ donation and transplantation in the country.
However， as organ donation and transplantation in China develops， we are also keenly aware that it still faces numerous formidable challenges. Despite the growth in donation numbers in recent years， the contradiction between organ supply and the enormous patient demand remains acute. There is a significant gap between organ donation rate per million population in China and the international advanced levels; for instance， in 2024， the PMP of China was only 4.79， far below that of some developed countries. This leaves numerous patients facing life-threatening risks during their prolonged waits. One of the key factors behind this situation is the insufficient public awareness and acceptance of organ donation. Yet， the act of organ donation represents “a single thought that gives rise to a lifelong connection”， marking the greatest act of kindness at the end of life. Therefore， changing public perceptions and promoting knowledge about organ donation remains a long-term and arduous social endeavor. Meanwhile， there are deficiencies in the establishment of a standardized system， and shortcomings in talent cultivation persist. The quantity and quality of professional personnel are still inadequate to meet the rapidly developing needs of the people， necessitating further improvements in the standardized system building.
Faced with these challenges， we must maintain a clear-eyed awareness of the problems while also demonstrating unwavering determination to break through and overcome them. While acknowledging the gaps and shortcomings， we should proactively plan and take initiative， driving organ donation and transplantation in China to new heights with firm conviction and concrete actions.
Looking ahead， we are brimming with confidence. With the in-depth implementation of laws and regulations such as the Regulations on Human Organ Donation and Transplantation， the guiding and regulatory roles of policies will become even more prominent. We will continue to strengthen publicity and education， innovate promotional methods， and fully leverage new media and other channels to widely disseminate the concepts and significance of organ donation， fostering a favorable social atmosphere that supports organ donation. Simultaneously， we will increase investment in scientific research， encourage technological innovation， and enhance talent cultivation to continuously elevate the overall technical standards and service quality of organ transplantation in China. In terms of international cooperation， we will actively participate in global exchanges and collaborations， share China’s experiences， learn from advanced international technologies and management models， and contribute to the global development.
Here， we would like to extend our highest tribute to all those who have made arduous efforts for organ donation and transplantation in China. We are grateful to the National Health Commission， the Red Cross Society of China， and other government departments and institutions at all levels for their policy support and organizational guarantees provided. We appreciate the China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation and other relevant social organizations for playing a crucial bridging and connecting role in advancing the development of this field. We express our heartfelt gratitude to the organ donors and their families who， through their selfless dedication and acts of profound love， have granted others a second chance at life. Their benevolent deeds represent miracles of life and the shining brilliance of human compassion. We also extend our thanks to the medical staff， coordinators， and researchers working on the frontlines. With superb medical skills， professional dedication， and unremitting efforts， they have brought hope of life to patients.
It is believed that with the concerted efforts of the entire society， organ donation and transplantation in China will undoubtedly embrace an even more brilliant future， making greater contributions to improving people’s health and well-being and advancing social civilization. It is expected that the Report on Organ Donation and Transplantation Development in China (2024) can provide valuable information for professionals both within and outside the industry， as well as facilitate the sustained， healthy， and high-quality development of organ donation and transplantation in the country.
Editorial Committee of the Report on Organ Donation and Transplantation Development in China (2024)
October， 2025
Note: Time period for data collection of Report on the Development of Organ Donation and Transplantation in China (2024): January 1， 2023 to December 31， 2024. Data of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (excluding Hong Kong SAR， Macao SAR， and Taiwan Province) were included.
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